The Bailiwick of Ennerdale Est 1251 - Hon. George Mentz JD MBA CWM

 

 

Manorial Rights – Categorized

I. Property Rights

(Rights relating to land, resources, and natural produce of the manor)

  1. Right of Piscary – exclusive fishing rights in rivers, lakes, or ponds.

  2. Right of Free Warren – hunting small game (hares, rabbits, pheasants, partridges) by Crown grant.

  3. Right of Chase – hunting larger game (deer, boar) in defined areas.

  4. Right of Park – maintaining enclosed deer parks or game preserves.

  5. Right of Fowling – taking wildfowl such as ducks, geese, or pigeons.

  6. Right to Timber – felling mature trees on manorial land.

  7. Right to Underwood – taking coppice or brushwood.

  8. Right to Fuel – cutting turf, peat, gorse, or furze for fuel.

  9. Right to Minerals – extracting coal, stone, slate, chalk, marl, gravel, or clay.

  10. Right to Metals – mining tin, lead, copper, iron, silver, or gold (subject to Crown prerogative).

  11. Right to Stone and Quarrying – working quarries for building stone.

  12. Right to Sand and Gravel – extraction from commons or foreshore.

  13. Right to Water – diverting or using streams, springs, or wells.

  14. Right to Seaweed (Wrack) – collecting kelp or driftweed from foreshore.

  15. Right to Driftwood – claiming timber or wood washed ashore.

  16. Right to Waste – control over unenclosed, uncultivated land.

  17. Right of Common of Pasture – grazing livestock on manorial lands.

  18. Right of Common of Estovers – taking wood for fuel or repairs.

  19. Right of Common of Turbary – cutting peat for fuel.

  20. Right of Common of Piscary – fishing in common waters.

  21. Right to Enclose – converting common land to private use.

  22. Right to Approve Waste – developing waste land for agriculture or housing.

  23. Right of Foldage – requiring tenants’ sheep to graze in the lord’s fold.

  24. Right to Pannage – grazing pigs in woodland for acorns or beechmast.

  25. Right of Marl – taking marl for soil improvement.

  26. Right of Soil – taking soil, turf, or topsoil for building or agriculture.

  27. Right to Foreshore – ownership and control of land between high and low water marks.

  28. Right to Moorings – charging for vessel mooring within manorial waters.

  29. Right to Wreck – claiming goods from shipwrecks.

  30. Right to Royal Fish – whales, sturgeon, or other prized marine species.

  31. Right to Tolls on Landings – charging for goods landed at a quay.

  32. Right to Ferry – operating and charging for ferry services.

  33. Right to Oyster Beds and Shellfish – exclusive harvesting rights.

  34. Right to Navigation Tolls – charging passage fees for ships using manorial waterways.

  35. Right to Construct and Lease Docks – building and leasing piers, docks, or jetties.

  36. Right to Treasure Trove – claiming buried treasure found on manorial land.

  37. Right to Tolls on Bridges or Roads – charging for passage over manorial-built infrastructure.

  38. Right to Impound Stray Animals – seizing and holding stray livestock until fines are paid.

  39. Right to Toll Tin or Lead – charging duties on mined metals.

II. Judicial Rights

(Jurisdictional powers historically attached to manors with a Court Leet or other franchises)

  1. Right to Hold a Court Leet – enforcing minor criminal law and public order.

  2. Right to Hold a Court Baron – handling copyhold transfers and tenurial disputes.

  3. Right of View of Frankpledge – overseeing community mutual responsibility for conduct.

  4. Right to Appoint Officers – constable, ale-taster, reeve, bailiff, market inspectors.

  5. Right to Make By-Laws – regulating markets, agriculture, and community standards.

  6. Right to Weights and Measures – enforcing lawful trade measurements.

  7. Right to the Assize of Bread and Ale – regulating quality and pricing of food and drink.

  8. Right to Fines and Amercements – levying penalties for breaches of custom.

  9. Right to View and Approve Tenants’ Repairs – inspections for upkeep compliance.

  10. Right to Gallows or Pillory – historic power to punish certain offences.

  11. Right to Markets – holding regular markets and charging stallage fees.

  12. Right to Fairs – holding annual or seasonal fairs with tolls.

  13. Right to Use a Seal of the Manor – authenticating grants, charters, and court records.

III. Incidents of Tenure

(Payments, duties, and inheritances owed by tenants to the lord)

  1. Right to Quit Rents – fixed annual payments in lieu of services.

  2. Right to Heriots – goods or payments due upon a tenant’s death.

  3. Right to Reliefs – payments upon succession to tenancy.

  4. Right to Escheat – land reverting to the lord when a tenant dies without heirs.

  5. Right to Forfeiture – seizure of a tenant’s land for felony or breach of custom.

  6. Right to Entry Fines – payment upon admission to tenancy.

  7. Right to Licence to Assign – charging for permission to transfer tenancy.

  8. Right to Licence to Sublet – charging for permission to sublet tenancy lands.

 

Master List of Manorial Rights (100+)

(C = Core/Common Right, S = Specialized/Local Right, M = Modern enforceable if registered under LRA 2002, H = Historic/ceremonial only)

A. Property Rights – Natural Resources, Land, and Commons

# Right Type Modern Status
1 Right of Piscary C M
2 Right of Free Warren C M
3 Right of Chase C M
4 Right of Park C M
5 Right of Fowling C M
6 Right to Timber C M
7 Right to Underwood C M
8 Right to Fuel (Turf/Peat/Furze) C M
9 Right to Minerals C M
10 Right to Metals C M (Gold/Silver usually Crown unless granted)
11 Right to Stone/Quarrying C M
12 Right to Sand/Gravel C M
13 Right to Water C M
14 Right to Seaweed (Wrack) C M
15 Right to Driftwood C M
16 Right to Waste C M
17 Right of Common of Pasture C M
18 Right of Common of Estovers C M
19 Right of Common of Turbary C M
20 Right of Common of Piscary C M
21 Right to Enclose C M
22 Right to Approve Waste C M
23 Right of Foldage C M
24 Right to Pannage C M
25 Right of Marl C M
26 Right of Soil C M
27 Right to Foreshore C M
28 Right to Moorings C M
29 Right to Wreck C M (subject to statutory law)
30 Right to Royal Fish C M (if by Crown grant)
31 Right to Tolls on Landings C M
32 Right to Ferry C M
33 Right to Oyster Beds/Shellfish C M
34 Right to Navigation Tolls C M
35 Right to Construct/Lease Docks C M
36 Right to Treasure Trove C H (now Crown under Treasure Act)
37 Right to Tolls on Bridges/Roads C M
38 Right to Impound Stray Animals C M
39 Right to Toll Tin or Lead C M
40 Right to Salt Works S M (if documented)
41 Right to Brine Springs S M
42 Right to Watermills (Suit of Mill) S M
43 Right to Windmills S M
44 Right to Fulling Mills S M
45 Right to Lime Kilns S M
46 Right to Brick/Tile Works S M
47 Right to Ashes for Fertilizer S M

B. Toll and Transit Rights

# Right Type Modern Status
48 Right to Pontage S M
49 Right to Pavage S M
50 Right to Murage S M
51 Right to Stallage S M
52 Right to Pickage S M
53 Right to Scavage S M
54 Right to Lastage S M
55 Right to Wharfage S M
56 Right to Anchorage S M
57 Right to Toll-Corn S M
58 Right of Cheminage S M
59 Right of Herbage S M
60 Right of Mastage S M

C. Judicial & Governance Rights

# Right Type Modern Status
61 Right to Hold a Court Leet C H (ceremonial since 1977)
62 Right to Hold a Court Baron C M (limited to historic tenures)
63 Right of View of Frankpledge C H
64 Right to Appoint Officers C M (ceremonial)
65 Right to Make By-Laws C M (limited enforceability)
66 Right to Weights and Measures C H
67 Right to Assize of Bread and Ale C H
68 Right to Fines/Amercements C M (within custom)
69 Right to Inspect Tenants’ Repairs C M
70 Right to Gallows/Pillory C H
71 Right to Markets C M
72 Right to Fairs C M
73 Right to Use Seal of the Manor C M
74 Right to Hold a View of Arms S H
75 Right to Hue and Cry S H
76 Right to Pillory/Stocks S H
77 Right to Ducking Stool S H
78 Right to Keep a Prison/Lock-Up S H

D. Feudal Incidents & Seignorial Rights

# Right Type Modern Status
79 Right to Quit Rents C M
80 Right to Heriots C M
81 Right to Reliefs C M
82 Right to Escheat C M
83 Right to Forfeiture C M
84 Right to Entry Fines C M
85 Right to Licence to Assign C M
86 Right to Licence to Sublet C M
87 Right of Wardship S H (abolished)
88 Right of Marriage S H (abolished)
89 Right of Merchet S H (abolished)
90 Right of Suit of Court S M (customary)
91 Right of Suit of Mill S M
92 Right of Suit of Oven S M
93 Right of Suit of Kiln S M

E. Miscellaneous & Maritime Extras

# Right Type Modern Status
94 Right to Collect Drift Nets S M
95 Right to Beacons/Light Duties S M
96 Right to Whale Drift S M
97 Right to Floating Timber S M
98 Right to Sturgeons/Lampreys S M
99 Right to Deer Leap S M
100 Right to Fishing Gear Abandonment S M

✅ M = Enforceable today if registered under LRA 2002
⚠️ H = Historical/ceremonial only; abolished in law or transferred to Crown

 

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The Bailiwick Liberty and Forest of Ennerdale, spanning over 17,000 acres in Cumbria, stands as one of the largest historic manors in all England. Renowned for its ancient liberty status and judicial independence, Ennerdale today forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage landscape and is recognized as the 9th largest National Nature Reserve in England. With its rugged forests, glacial valley, and ecological significance, the Ennerdale estate uniquely blends feudal heritage, environmental stewardship, and cultural preservation, making it both a living legacy and a vital part of the nation’s natural patrimony.

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